Venezuela’s Toxic Relations with Iran and Hezbollah: an avenue of violence, crime, corruption and terrorism .

Conteúdo do artigo principal

Christian Vianna de Azevedo

Resumo

Venezuela’s relations with Iran date back into the sixties when both were founding members of the OPEC. Iran’s influence in Latin America has become quite large since the Iranian revolution. Iran sees Latin America as a strategic priority for its global positioning. The Lebanese immigration towards South America has begun a while ago. But there’s a period, during the Lebanese civil war (1975-1990) when a large number of Lebanese immigrants came to the continent. Back then, according to some experts, Hezbollah and Iran took advantage of this mass migration and infiltrated their agents and recruiters among the Muslim migrants. Hezbollah is probably the most organized terrorist organization in the World in respect to its illegal financing activities. The group funds its regular operations through all sorts of crimes. Hezbollah has a tight relationship with Iran. Ever since Iran has established its covert operations in Venezuela, Hezbollah has come along, as its proxy. Venezuela is submerged in crime and corruption. The Venezuelan government has been infiltrated by transnational organized crime for more than a decade. The convergence of corruption, crime, violence and terrorism in Venezuela was enabled by a set of conditions and circumstances that basically surfaced after Chávez was elected president in 1998. From that time onwards, Venezuela became a crucial source of political, financial and logistical support for Hezbollah. Their relationship impacts the neighboring countries, particularly Brazil.

Detalhes do artigo

Como Citar
Venezuela’s Toxic Relations with Iran and Hezbollah: an avenue of violence, crime, corruption and terrorism . Revista Brasileira de Ciências Policiais, Brasília, Brasil, v. 9, n. 1, p. 43–90, 2018. DOI: 10.31412/rbcp.v9i1.520. Disponível em: https://periodicos.pf.gov.br/index.php/RBCP/article/view/520.. Acesso em: 27 nov. 2024.
Seção
Artigos
Biografia do Autor

Christian Vianna de Azevedo, PUC Minas

Brazilian Federal Police Agent. PhD candidate in International Relations at PUC Minas. Research fellow in the ‘Counterterrorism Research Team’ at the Federal Police Academy – ANP. Research fellow in the ‘Middle East and North Africa Research Team’ with the International Relations Department at PUC Minas.

Como Citar

Venezuela’s Toxic Relations with Iran and Hezbollah: an avenue of violence, crime, corruption and terrorism . Revista Brasileira de Ciências Policiais, Brasília, Brasil, v. 9, n. 1, p. 43–90, 2018. DOI: 10.31412/rbcp.v9i1.520. Disponível em: https://periodicos.pf.gov.br/index.php/RBCP/article/view/520.. Acesso em: 27 nov. 2024.

Referências

REFERENCES

ACA. Arms Control Association. United Nations Security Council. Iran’s Nuclear Program resolutions. 2017. Available at: https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Security-Council-Resolutions-on-Iran Access: July, 19th, 2017.

ACNUR. ACNUR intensifica sua resposta diante do aumento das solicitações de refúgios de venezuelanos. ACNUR. 17/07/2017. Available at: http://www.acnur.org/portugues/noticias/noticia/acnur-intensifica-sua-resposta-diante-do-aumento-das-solicitacoes-de-refugio-de-venezuelanos/ Access: Aug, 4th, 2017.

AEI. American Enterprise Institute. Kingpins and corruption: targeting transnational organized crime in the Americas. Working Group on Transnational Organized Crime in the Americas. American Enterprise Institute. 2017.

ALBA. Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America. ALBA. 2017. Available at: https://albainfo.org/what-is-the-alba/ Access: July, 14th. 2017.

BARDUCCI, Anna Mahjar. Venezuelan Minister Hangs out with Hezbollah. Gatestone Institute. International Policy Council. Feb, 11th, 2011a. Available at: https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/1878/venezuelan-minister-hezbollah Access: July, 26th, 2017.

BARDUCCI, Anna Mahjar. Hizballah in Venezuela: the man who knows too much.. Gatestone Institute. International Policy Council. Apr, 15th, 2011b. Available at: https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/2041/hizballah-in-venezuela Access: July, 26th, 2017.

BARNES, Ed. Venezuela cancels round trip terror flight to Syria and Iran. FoxNews. September, 14th, 2010. Available at: http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/09/14/terror-flight-venezuela-iran-illicit-arms-hezbollah-hamas-protest.html Access: July, 17th, 2017.

BBC. O mistério das 25 toneladas de dinheiro venezuelano encontrado no Paraguai. BBC Brasil 15/02/2017. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-38979011 Access: Aug, 6th, 2017.

BERMAN, Ilan. Chapter one: What iran wants in the Americas. In BERMAN, Ilan; HUMIRE, Joseph. Iran’s Strategic Penetration of Latin America. New York/NY. Lexington Books. 2014.

BERMAN, Ilan; HUMIRE, Joseph. Iran’s Strategic Penetration of Latin America. New York/NY. Lexington Books. 2014.

BERMAN, Ilan; NORIEGA, Roger. Iran uranium mines in Venezuela. CBN News Interview. 2017. Available at: http://www1.cbn.com/content/iran-uranium-mines-venezuela Access: July, 19th, 2017.

BLASCO, Emili. Bumerán Chavez: Los fraudes que llevaron al colapso de Venezuela. Washington/DC. Create Space. Independent Publishing Platform. 2015.

BRANDON, Joshua M. GRAY, David H. Iran’s foothold in Latin America: striking back at the United States. Global Security Studies. Volume 6. Issue 3. 2015.

BRASIL. Decreto 8522/2015. Dispõe sobre a execução, no território nacional, da Resolução 2160 (2014), de 17 de junho de 2014, do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, que renova o regime de sanções aplicável ao Talibã e dá outras disposições. 2015. Available at: http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/2015/decreto-8522-28-setembro-2015-781632-norma-pe.html Access: Aug, 11th, 2017.

BRASIL. Decreto 8799/2016. Dispõe sobre a execução, no território nacional, da Resolução 2253 (2015), de 17 de dezembro de 2015, do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, que atualiza e fortalece o regime de sanções, imposto pela Resolução 1267 (1999), relativo ao Estado Islâmico no Iraque e no Levante e à Al-Qaeda. 2016. Available at: http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/2016/decreto-8799-6-julho-2016-783322-norma-pe.html Access: Aug, 11th, 2017.

BRAUN, Michael. Iran, Hezbollah and the threat to the Homeland. Committee on Homeland Security. Testimony before the House of Representatives. US Congress. 2012. Available at: https://homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony-Braun.pdf Access: July, 31st, 2017.

CAGAPTAY, Soner. Muslims vs. Islamists. The Washington Institute. Jan, 27th, 2010. Available at: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/muslims-vs.-islamists Access: July 28th, 2017.

CAMERO, Mildred. El Tráfico de Drogas Ilícitas En Venezuela. Observatório de Delito Organizado. Editora: Asociación Civil Paz Activa. Caracas. Venezuela. 2017.

CAMETT, Melanie. Hezbollah in Latin America. Implications for US Homeland Security. Hearing before the subcommitte on counterterrorism and Intelligence. Committe on Homeland Security. House of Representatives. Serial No. 112-35. US Government Printing Office.Washington/DC. 2011.

CEP. Counter Extremism Project. Hezbollah Report. 2017. Available at: https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/hezbollah#designations Access: July, 23rd, 2017.

CHARLEAUX, João Paulo. Qual a conexão entre os massacres de Manaus e Boa Vista? NEXO. 06/01/2017. Available at: https://www.nexojornal.com.br/expresso/2017/01/06/Qual-a-conexão-entre-os-massacres-de-Manaus-e-Boa-Vista Access: Aug, 4th, 2017.

CHAYA, George. Pasaportes del Libano y Venezuela, un passe libre para Hezbollah en America Latina. Infobae. June, 15th, 2017. Available at: http://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2017/06/15/pasaportes-del-libano-y-venezuela-un-pase-libre-para-hezbollah-en-america-latina/ Access: July, 6th, 2017.

CFR. Council on Foreign Relations. Hezbollah. 2014. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/hezbollah Access: July, 23rd, 2017.

CONSTANZA, William. Hizballah and its mission in Latin America. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 35:3, 193-210. Routeledge. London/UK. 2012.

DURRAND, Alex. The Chávez paradox: assessing the Bolivarian Revolution. Harvard International Review. Vol.33. No3. P. 7+. 2011.

ECURED. Revolución Bolivariana. ECURED. 2017. Available at: https://www.ecured.cu/Revolución_Bolivariana. Access: Aug, 23rd. 2017.

ELLIS, Evan. The Collapse of Venezuela and its Impact on the Region. Military Review. July-August. 2017. Available at: http://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/July-August-2017/table-of-contents/ Access: Aug, 17th. 2017.

ENRIQUEZ, Octavio. Con el desvio de fondos Venezolanos surge un nuevo grupo privado: Albanisa, el nuevo empório. Confidencial. June, 9th, 2015. Available at: http://www.confidencial.com.ni/archivos/articulo/21956/albanisa-el-nuevo-emporio Access: July, 31st, 2017.

EU. European Union Terrorist List. European Council. 2017. Available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/terrorist-list/ Access: July, 23rd, 2017.

FARAH, Douglas. Blood From Stones. Broadway Books. New York/NY. 2004.

FARAH, Douglas. Hezbollah in Latin America. Implications for US Homeland Security. Hearing before the subcommitte on counterterrorism and Intelligence. Committe on Homeland Security. House of Representatives. Serial No. 112-35. US Government Printing Office.Washington/DC. 2011.

FARAH, Douglas. Deepening political and economic crisis in Venezuela: Implications for US interests and the Western Hemisphere. Testimony before the Senate, subcommittee the Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights and Global Women’s issues. Washington/DC. 2015.

FARAH, Douglas. Convergence in Criminalized States: a new paradigma. Chapter 8. In Beyond Convergence: a world without order. Edited by Hillary Matfess and Michael Miklaucic. Center For Complex Operations. National Defense University. Washington/DC. 2016a.

FARAH, Douglas. Venezuela se convertió en narcoestado con nexos con Hezbollah y Hamas. Economia Hoy.Mx. March, 10th, 2016. 2016b. Available at: http://www.economiahoy.mx/internacional-eAm-mexico/noticias/7413027/03/16/Venezuela-se-convirtio-en-narcoestado-con-nexos-con-Hezbollah-y-Hamas-Farah.html Access: July, 31st, 2017.

FARHI, Farideh. Tehran’s perspective on Iran-Latin American relations. In Iran in latin Ameirca: threat or axix of annoyance? Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars. Edited by Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari and Adam Stubits. 2009. Available at: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Iran_in_LA.pdf Access: July, 14th, 2017.

FERRAND, Nicole. Quien es Tareck el Aissami? La Protesta Militar. 2009. Available at: https://laprotestamilitar.blogspot.com.br/2009/08/quien-es-tarek-el-aissami.html Access: July, 23rd, 2017.

FLEISCHMAN. Luis. Latin America in Post-Chavez era: The security threat to the US. Washington/DC. Potomac Books. 2013.

FTO. Foreign Terrorist Organizations. US Department of State. 2017. Available at: https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm Access: July, 23rd, 2017.

G1. Globo.com. Prisão de venezuelanos por tráfico de drogas cresce seis vezes no aeroporto de Guarulhos. G1. Available at: http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/prisao-de-venezuelanos-por-trafico-de-drogas-cresce-seis-vezes-no-aeroporto-de-guarulhos.ghtml Access: Aug, 6th, 2017.

GANDY, Bruce. The Bolivarian Revolution. US Naval Institute Proceedings. Vol. 132. Issue 5. Pp. 26-30. 2006.

GLOBO. Globo G1.com. Conexão no Paraguai ajuda a trazer milhões de bolívares ilegais ao Brasil. Fantástico. 19/03/2017. Available at: http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2017/03/conexao-no-paraguai-ajuda-trazer-milhoes-de-bolivares-ilegais-ao-brasil.html Access: Aug, 6th, 2017.

GURNEY, Kyra. Police Documents Reveal Hezbollah Ties to Brazil’s PCC. Insight Crime. 2014. Available at: http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/police-documents-hezbollah-ties-brazil-pcc Access: Aug, 4th, 2017.

HUDSON, Rex. Terrorist and organized crime groups in the Tri-border area (TBA) of South America. The Library of Congress. Washington/DC. 2010. Available at: https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/TerrOrgCrime_TBA.pdf Access: July, 9th, 2017.

HUMIRE, Joseph. Iran and Hezbollah in the Western Hemisphere. Co-author of “Iran’s Strategic Penetration of Latin America”. Written Testimony before the House of Representatives. Committe of Foreign Affairs. Washington/DC. 2015.

ICT, International Institute for CounterTerrorism. Venezuelan ties to Hezbollah. August, 14th, 2008. International Institute for Counterterrorism. Available at: https://www.ict.org.il/Article.aspx?ID=307 Accessed: July, 1st, 2017.

IISS. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Strategic Dossiers. The FARC files: Venezuela, Ecuador and the secret archive of ‘Raul Reyes’. IISS. 2011.

INSIGHT CRIME. Walid Makled. Profile. Insight Crime. 2016. Available at: http://www.insightcrime.org/venezuela-organized-crime-news/walid-makled Access: July, 26th, 2017.

INSIGHT CRIME. Paraguay seizes 25 tons of Venezuelan Currency. Venezuela Investigative Unit. Insight Crime. Available at: http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/paraguay-seizes-25-tons-of-venezuela-currency Access: Aug, 6th, 2017.

JIANG, Chen. Hezbollah in the tri-border region. Washington Report on the Hemisphere. Vol. 35, No. 4. Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 2015.

JOHNSON, Stephen. Iran’s influence in the Americas. A report of the CSIS Americas Program. Washington/DC. 2014. Avallable at: https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/120223_Johnson_IranInfluence_ExecSumm_Web.pdf Access: July, 17th, 2017.

KESHAVARZ, Alma. Iran and Hezbollah in the tri-border areas of Latin America: A look at the “old TBA” and the “new TBA”. Small Wars Journal. November, 12th, 2015. Available at: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/iran-and-hezbollah-remain-hyperactive-in-latin-america Access: July, 6th, 2017.

LASMAR, Jorge. A legislação brasileira de combate e prevenção ao terrorismo quatorze anos após o 11 de setembro: limites, falhas e reflexões para o futuro. Revista de Sociologia e Política. V.23, N. 53, pp 47-70. 2015.

LEALI, Francisco. Polícia Federal aponta elo entre facção brasileira e Hezbollah. O Globo. 09/11/2014. Available at: https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/policia-federal-aponta-elo-entre-faccao-brasileira-hezbollah-14512269 Access: Aug, 4th, 2017.

LEVITT, Matthew. Iranian and Hezbollah operations in South America. PRISM. Vol.5. N4. Center For Complex Operations. National Defense University Press. 2015.

LEVITT, Matthew. Iran and Hezbollah remain hyperactive in Latin America. Policy Analysis. The Washington Institute. 2016a. Available at: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/iran-and-hezbollah-remain-hyperactive-in-latin-america Access: July, 6th, 2017.

LEVITT, Matthew. Hezbollah’s criminal networks: useful idiots, henchmen and organized criminal facilitators. Chapter 7. In Beyond Convergence: a world without order. Edited by Hillary Matfess and Michael Miklaucic. Center For Complex Operations. National Defense University. Washington/DC. 2016b.

LOPEZ, Linette. A suspected terrorist and drug trafficker just became Venezuela’s vice president. Business Insider. Military and Defense. Jan, 5th, 2017. Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/new-venezuela-vice-president-has-ties-to-iran-hezbollah-2017-1 Access: July, 26th, 2017.

LOVELACE, Douglas C. Instability in Latin America. In: Terrorism, Commentary on Security Documents. Volume 123. Global Security and US National Security. Edited by Kristen Boon, Aziz Huq, Douglas Lovelace. Oxford University Press. 2012.

MARTIN, Sabrina. Tareck el Aissami debe perder su cargo como vicepresidente de Venezuela por doble nacionalidad. PANAM Post. 2017. Available at: https://es.panampost.com/sabrina-martin/2017/01/09/nacionalidad-tareck-el-aissami/ Access: July, 23rd, 2017.

NAGEL, Juan Cristóbal. Something is rotten in the state of Venezuela. Foreign Policy Magazine. 2015. Available at: http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/04/28/something-is-rotten-in-the-state-of-venezuela-chavez-maduro-cabello-salazar-farc/. Access July, 5th, 2017.

NEUMANN, Vanessa. The new nexus of narcoterrorism: Hezbollah and Venezuela. FPRI - Foreign Policy Research Institute. Philadelphia/PA. 2011. Available at: http://www.fpri.org/article/2011/12/the-new-nexus-of-narcoterrorism-hezbollah-and-venezuela/ Access: July, 1st, 2017.

NISMAN, Alberto. Indictment AMIA’s case. Investigations Unit Office of the Attorney General. Argentina. 2006. Available at: http://albertonisman.org/nisman-indictment-in-english-full/ Access: July 17th, 2017.

NORIEGA, Roger F. Hezbollah in Latin America. Implications for US Homeland Security. Hearing before the subcommitte on counterterrorism and Intelligence. Committe on Homeland Security. House of Representatives. Serial No. 112-35. US Government Printing Office.Washington/DC. 2011.

NORIEGA, Roger; CÁRDENAS, José R. The Mounting Hezbollah Threat in Latin America. American Enterprise Institut for Public Policy Research. N. 3. 2011. Washington/DC. 2011.

NORIEGA, Roger. Hezbollah’s strategic shift: a global terrorist threat. Hearing, subcommittee on terrorism, non-proliferation and trade. Committeee on foreign affairs. House of Representatives. US Congress. Washington/DC. 2013.

NOTICIERO. Bolívares incautados se ofrecían en mercado negro de ciudad Paraguaya. Noticiero Digital. 14/02/2017. Available at: http://www.noticierodigital.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60099 Access: Aug, 6th, 2017.

OFAC. Office of Foreign Assets Control. US Department of Treasury. Treasury Sanctions prominet Venezuelan Drug Trafficker Tareck el Aissami and his primary Frontman Samark Lopez Bello. Press center. Feb, 13th, 2017. Available at: https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/as0005.aspx Access: July 26th, 2017.

OTTOLENGHI, Emmanuelle; HANNAH, John. In Venezuela’s toxic brew, failed narco-state meets Iran-backed terrorism. Foreign Policy. MArch, 23rd, 2017. Available at: http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/23/in-venezuelas-toxic-brew-failed-narco-state-meets-iran-backed-terrorism/ Access: July 21st, 2017.

OTTOLENGHI. Emmanuelle. Emerging External Influences in the Western Hemisphere. Congressional testimony. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Washington/DC. 2017. Available at: https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/051017_Ottolenghi_Testimony.pdf Access: Aug, 4th, 2017.

PAC. Partnership Africa Canada. The Failure of Good Intentions. Fraud , Theft and Murder in the Brazilian Diamond Industry. The Diamonds and Human Security Project. Ottawa. Canada. 2005.

PAC. Partnership Africa Canada. Fugitives and Phantoms: The Diamond Exporters of Brazil. The Diamonds and Human Security Project. Ottawa. Canada. 2006a.

PAC. Partnership Africa Canada. The Triple Jeopardy. Triplicate Forms and Triple Borders: Controlling Diamond Exports from Guyana. The Diamonds and Human Security Project. Ottawa. Canada. 2006b.

PAC. Partnership Africa Canada. The Lost World. Diamond Mining and Smuggling in Venezuela. The Diamonds and Human Security Project. Ottawa. Canada. 2006c.

PALMER, Julian. Hezbollah in Latin America, should we be worried? Council On Hemispheric Affairs. Vol. 36, N. 11. 2016.

PERDUE, Jon. A Marriage of Radical Ideologies. Chapter 2. In: Iran’s Strategic Penetration of Latin America. Edited by Joseph Humire and Ilan Berman. New York/NY. Lexington Books. 2014.

PICKELL, Samuel. Hezbollah and Hugo Chavez: Radical Islam’s Western Foothold. Masters of arts thesis. Department of Global and International Studies. University of Kansas. UMI Publishing. ProQuest LLC. 2010.

RABASA, Angel; SCHNAUBELT, Christopher; CHALK, Peter. FARAH, Douglas; MIDGETTE, Gregory; SHATZ, Howard. Counternetwork. Countering the Expansion of Transnational Criminal Networks. RAND Corporation. Santa Monica/CA. 2017.

REALUYO, Celina. The terror/crime nexus. Hezbollah’s global facilitators. PRISM. Vol.5. N1. Center For Complex Operations. National Defense University Press. 2014.

RIBEIRO, Aline; CORREIA, Hudson. O violento plano de expansão no Paraguai da maior facção brasileira. Revista Época. 26/06/2017. Available at: http://epoca.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2017/06/o-violento-plano-de-expansao-no-paraguai-da-maior-faccao-brasileira.html Access: Aug, 4th, 2017.

ROBINSON, Linda. Terror close to Home. US News and World Report. 2003.

RODIL, Martin. Venezuela’s VP Tareck el Aissami is Bad News. Forbes. Foreign Affairs. March, 20th, 2017. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2017/03/20/venezuelan-vp-tareck-el-aissami-is-bad-news/#6a610e572050 Access, July, 26th.

SOARES, Anderson. Polícia Federal em Roraima já registrou mais de 6.000 pedidos de refúgio de Venezuelanos. Roraima em Tempo. 19/07/2017. Available at: http://roraimaemtempo.com/policia-federal-em-roraima-ja-registrou-este-ano-mais-de-seis-mil-pedidos-de-refugio-de-venezuelanos/ Access: July, 4th, 2017.

SULLIVAN, Marisa. Hezbollah in Syria. Middle East Security Report 19. Institute for the Study of War. Washington/DC. 2014.

SULLIVAN, Mark P.; BEITEL, June S.. Latin America: Terrorism issues. Congressional Research Services. 2016. CRS report. Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RS21049.pdf Access: July, 14th, 2017.

TAYLOR, Guy. Hezbollah moving tons of cocaine in Latin America, Europe to finance terror operations. Washington Times. June, 8th, 2016. Available at: http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/8/hezbollah-moving-tons-of-cocaine-in-latin-america-/ Access: July, 31st, 2017.

TRANSPARENCY. Corruption Perceptions Index 2016. Transparency International. The Global Coalition Against Corruption. 2016. Available at: https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016 Access: July, 25th, 2017.

TREVISI, A.F. Assessing terrorism threat in the tri-border area of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. ICT- International Institute for Counterterrorism. Herzliya. 2013.

UMAÑA, Felipe. Revisiting the Crime terrorismo nexus in the Tri-Border Area. Threat Convergence. The Fund For Peace Transnational Threats. The Fund For Peace. Washington/DC. 2012.

ULMER, Alexandra. Venezuela congressional probe says 11 billion missing at PDVSA. Reuters. Oct, 19th, 2016. Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-pdvsa-idUSKCN12J22H Access: July, 31st, 2017.

US ATTORNEY. Indictment of one of the most significant narcotics kingpins. US Attorney Southern District New York. New York/NY. 2010. Available at: https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nys/pressreleases/November10/makledwalidindictmentpr.pdf Access: July, 26th, 2017.

US TREASURY. Treasury targets Hezbollah fundraising network in the triple Frontier of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Press Center. 2006. Available at: https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/hp190.aspx Access: Aug, 4th, 2017.

Artigos Semelhantes

Você também pode iniciar uma pesquisa avançada por similaridade para este artigo.