AMR Compressed-Domain Analysis for Multimedia Forensics Double Compression Detection
Barre latérale de l'article
Contenu principal de l'article
Résumé
An audio recording must be authentic to be admitted as evidence in a criminal prosecution so that the speech is saved with maximum fidelity and interpretation mistakes are prevented. AMR (adaptive multi-rate) encoder is a worldwide standard for speech compression and for GSM mobile network transmission, including 3G and 4G. In addition, such encoder is an audio file format standard with extension AMR which uses the same compression algorithm. Due to its extensive usage in mobile networks and high availability in modern smartphones, AMR format has been found in audio authenticity cases for forgery searching. Such exams compound the multimedia forensics field which consists of, among other techniques, double compression detection, i. e., to determine if a given AMR file was decompressed and compressed again. AMR double compression detection is a complex engineering problem whose solution is still underway. In general terms, if an AMR file is double compressed, it is not an original one and it was likely doctored. The published works in literature about double compression detection are based on decoded waveform AMR files to extract features. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to AMR double compression detection which, in spite of processing decoded audio, uses its encoded version to extract compressed-domain linear prediction (LP) coefficient-based features. By means of feature statistical analysis, it is possible to show that they can be used to achieve AMR double compression detection in an effective way, so that they can be considered a promising path to solve AMR double compression problem by artificial neural networks.
Renseignements sur l'article
La revue a des droits exclusifs sur la première publication, imprimée et/ou numérique, de ce texte académique, qui n'affecte pas le droit d'auteur de la personne responsable de la recherche.
La reproduction (totale ou partielle) du matériel publié dépend de la mention expresse de cette revue comme origine, en citant le volume, le numéro d'édition et le lien DOI pour renvoi. Aux fins des droits, la source de publication originale doit être enregistrée.
L'utilisation des résultats publiés ici dans d'autres véhicules de divulgation scientifique, même par les auteurs, dépend de l'indication expresse de cette revue comme moyen de publication originale, sous peine de caractériser une situation d'auto-plagiat.
______________________________________________
Informations supplémentaires et déclarations de l'auteur
(intégrité scientifique)
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts : Le ou les auteurs confirment qu'il n'y a pas de conflits d'intérêts dans la conduite de cette recherche et la rédaction de cet article.
Déclaration de paternité : tous les chercheurs et uniquement ceux qui satisfont aux exigences de paternité de cet article sont répertoriés en tant qu'auteurs ; tous les co-auteurs sont entièrement responsables de ce travail dans son intégralité.
Déclaration d'originalité : le ou les auteurs garantissent que le texte publié ici n'a pas été publié auparavant ailleurs et que la future republication ne sera faite qu'avec une référence expresse au lieu de publication d'origine ; certifie également qu'il n'y a pas de plagiat de matériel tiers ou d'auto-plagiat.
______________________________________________
Archivage et diffusion
Le PDF final publié peut être archivé, sans restriction, sur n'importe quel serveur, indexeur, référentiel ou page personnelle en libre accès, comme Academia.edu et ResearchGate.
Comment citer
Références
rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). AMR codec - Release 10, 2011. Available at: <http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/26_series/26.104/>. Acessed: jan. 22 2018.
BATTIATO, S.; GIUDICE, O.; PARATORE, A. Multimedia Forensics: Discovering the History of Multimedia Contents. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies (CompSysTech), Palermo, Italy, p. 5-16, 2016.
ESQUEF, P. A. A.; APOLINÁRIO, Jr. A.; BISCAINHO, L. W. P. Edit Detection in Speech Recordings Via Instantaneous Electric Network Frequency Variations. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 9, no. 12, p. 2314-2326, dec. 2014.
FARID, H. Detecting Digital Forgeries Using Bispectral Analysis. AI Lab, MIT Tech. Rep. AIM-1657, Boston, USA, 1999. Available at: <ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-1657.pdf>. Acessed: jan. 22 2018.
GAROFOLO, J. S.; LAMEL, L. F.; FISHER, W. M.; FISCUS, J. G.; PALLETT, D.S.; DAHLGREN, L.; ZUE, V. TIMIT Acoustic-Phonetic Continuous Speech Corpus LDC93S1. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, 1993. Avaliable AT: http:// https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC93S1. Acessed: jan. 22 2018.
GRIGORAS, C. Forensic Analysis of the Digital Audio Recordings - The Electric Network Frequency Criterion, Forensic Science International, vol. 136, Suppl. 1, p. 368-369, 2003.
GUPTA, S.; CHO, S.; KUO, C. C. Current Developments and Future Trends in Audio Authentication. IEEE Multimedia, vol. 19, no. 01, p. 50-59, jan. 2012.
HANILÇI, C.; KINNUNNEN, T. Source Cell-Phone Recognition from Recorded Speech using Non-Speech Segments. Digital Signal Processing, no. 35, p. 75-85, 2014.
HIÇSÖNMEZ, S.; SENCAR, H. T.; AVCIBAS, I. Audio Codec Identification through Payload Sampling. In: Proc. Int. Workshop Inf. Forensics Secur., Iguacu Falls, Brazil, p. 1-6, 2011.
HIÇSÖNMEZ, S.; UZUN, E.; SENCAR, H. T.; Methods for Identifying Traces of Compression in Audio. In: Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Commun., Signal Process., Appl., Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, p. 1-6, 2013.
IKRAM, S.; MALIK, H. Digital Audio Forensics Using Background Noise. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo (ICME’2010), Singapore, p. 106-110, 2010.
JENNER, F.; KWASINSKI, A. Highly Accurate Non-Intrusive Speech Forensics for Codec Identifications from Observed Decoded Signals. In: Proc. 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing., Kyoto, Japan, p. 1737-1740, 2012.
KAJSTURA, M.; TRAWINSKA, A.; HEBENSTREIT, J. Application of the Electrical Network Frequency (ENF) Criterion: a Case of a Digital Recording. Forensic Science International, nº 155, p. 165-171, feb. 2005.
KORYCKI, R. Detection of Montage in Lossy Compressed Digital Audio Recordings. Archives of Acoustics, vol. 39, no. 1, p. 67-52, feb. 2014.
LIU, Q.; SUNG, A. H.; QIAO, M. Detection of Double MP3 Compression. Cognitive Computation., vol.2, no. 4, p. 291-296, 2010.
LUO, D.; LUO, W.; YANG, R.; HUANG, J. Compression History Identification for Digital Audio Signal. In: Proc. 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing., Kyoto, Japan, p. 1732-1736, 2012.
LUO, D.; LUO, W.; YANG, R.; HUANG, J. Identifying Compression History of Wave Audio and its Applications. ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput., Commun., Appl., vol. 10, no. 3, p. 30-1 - 30-19, 2014.
LUO, D.; YANG, R.; HUANG, J. Detecting Double Compressed AMR Audio using Deep Learning. In: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP’2014), Florence, Italy, p. 2688-2692, 2014.
LUO, D.; YANG, R.; LIN, B.; HUANG, J. Detection of Double Compressed AMR Audio Using Stacked Autoencoder. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 12, no.2, p. 432-444, 2017.
MALIK, H. Acoustic Environment Identification and Its Applications to Audio Forensics. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 8, no. 11, p. 1827-1837, nov. 2013.
PETRACCA, H.; SERVETTI, A.; DE MARTIN, J. C. Low-Complexity Automatic Speaker Recognition in the Compressed GSM AMR Domain In: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2005.
PFEIFFER, S.; VINCENT, T. Survey of Compressed Domain Audio Features and their Expressiveness. In: Proc. SPIE Conf. Electronic Imaging, San Francisco, USA, p. 133-147, 2003.
QIAO, M.; SUNG, A. H.; LIU, Q. Revealing Real Quality of Double Compressed MP3 Audio. In: Proc. Int. Conf. Multimedia, Florence, Italy, p. 1011-1014, 2010.
REIS, P. M. G. I.; COSTA, J. P. C. L.; MIRANDA, R. K.; DEL GALDO, G. ESPRIT-Hilbert-based Audio Tampering Detection with SVM Classifier for Forensic Analysis Via Electrical Network Frequency. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 853-864, apr. 2017.
RODRÍGUEZ, D. P. N.; APOLINÁRIO, J. A.; BISCAINHO, L. W. P. Audio Authenticity: Detecting ENF Discontinuity with High Precision Phase Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 534-543, sep. 2010.
ROMERO, D.; WILSON, C. Y. Automatic Acquisition Device Identification from Speech Recordings. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP’2010), 2010, Texas, USA, p. 1806-1809, 2010.
SHEN, Y.; JIA, J.; CAI, L. Detecting Double Compressed AMR-format Audio Recordings. In: Proc. 10th Phonetics Conf. China (PCC), China, p. 1-5, 2012.
SU, H.; GARG, R.; HAJJ-AHMAD, A.; WU, M. ENF Analysis on Recaptured Audio Recordings. In: 2013 IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech Signal Process. (ICASSP), Canada, p. 3018-3022, 2013.
YANG, R.; QU, Z.; HUANG, J. Exposing MP3 Audio Forgeries Using Frame Offsets. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Applications, vol. 8, no. S2, p. 35:1-35:20, sep. 2012.
YANG, R.; SHI, Y. Q.; HUANG, J. Defeating Fake-quality MP3. In: Proc. ACM Workshop Multimedia Security, New Jersey, USA, p. 117-124, 2009.
YANG, R.; SHI, Y. T.; HUANG, J. Detecting Double Compression of Audio Signal. In: Proc. SPIE Conference on Media Forensics and Security II, San Jose, USA, vol. 7541, p. 1-10, 2010.
ZAKARIAH, M.; KHAN, M. K.; MALIK, H. Digital Multimedia Audio Forensics: Past, Present and Future. Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol. 77, p. 1009-1040, 2017.