O dogma dos 12 pontos na perícia papiloscópica contextos históricos e fundamentos probabilísticos
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Abstract
During the XVI Brazilian Congress of Human Identification, held from June 13 to 15, 2024, in Rio de Janeiro, the author delivered a lecture titled “The 12-Point Dogma and Brazil's Position Compared to the Rest of the World in Latent Fingerprint Confrontation.” The lecture addressed the Brazilian fingerprint identification community's curiosity about the origin of the 12-point characteristic rule, which is widely used in Brazil and other nations. According to Ulery et al. (2013, cited in FARELO, 2012), a 2011 INTERPOL survey found that 44 out of 73 countries employ a numerical criterion for characteristic points, with 24 requiring a minimum of 12 minutiae. At the Congress, a survey conducted among 91 participants from various Brazilian identification agencies revealed that only 41.76% claimed to know the origin of the 12-point rule, and of that percentage, only 10.53% answered correctly. Considered a dogma in forensic identification, the 12-point rule is widely accepted as a standard, although its origins and justifications are not reasonably well known, at least in Brazil. This article aims to bridge this knowledge gap by investigating primary sources and historical publications that established the early criteria for fingerprint identification, uncovering the significant role played by a Brazilian in developing the 12-point rule.
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